Unit 1 Atomic Structure – Constituents of the atom, Rutherford model of an atom, Bohr model of an atom, calculation of radius, energy of electron in Bohr's orbit, concepts of shells and sub shells. Quantum numbers. Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle, Hund's rule, electronic configuration of atoms, Dual nature of matter and radiation, de- Broglie's relation. Uncertainty principle, atomic orbitals and shapes. Periodic Law – Present form of the periodic table. Types of elements (s, p, d and f block elements), Periodicity of properties, atomic and ionic radii, ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity and valency. Unit 2 Chemical Bonding – The ionic bond, characteristic properties of ionic compounds, the covalent bond, characteristic properties of covalent compounds, coordinate bond, polarisation of ions and Fajan's rule. Polarity in covalent bond. Dipole moment, structure of molecules and percentage ionic character, overlapping of orbitals (s & p orbitals). s and p bonds. Hybridisation involving s, p and d orbitals. Shape of molecules (VSEPR theory). Hydrogen bond, resonance, molecular orbital theory, bond order, bond length and molecular orbital diagram of homonuclear diatomic molecues of 1st and 2nd period elements H2, Li2, Be2, B2, C2, N2, O2, F2, Maganetic properties. Solid State – Unit cell, space lattice, structure of AX type crystals, imperfection in solids, amorphous solids. Metals - Nature of metallic bond, occurrence of metals in nature. General principles used for the extraction of Iron, Copper, Aluminium and Silver from various types of Ores. Hydrogen – Isotopes of hydrogen, uses of hydrogen gas as fuel, water, association of water molecules, Structure of hydrogen peroxide, heavy water. Hard and soft water. s-block elements – General characteristics, trends in variation of properties in periodic table of alkali and alkaline earth metals, atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity. Diagonal relationship. Unit 3 Chemical Equilibrium – Reversible and irreversible changes. Equilibrium involving chemical systems (the law of equilibrium), factors affecting equilibrium and equilibrium constant. Generalised expression of Law of mass action, relation between Kp and Kc. Applications of Law of mass action to homogeneous equilibria. Effect of changing conditions of systems at equilibrium (change of concentration, pressure and temperature, effect of catalyst). Lechatelier's principle and its applications to chemical and physical equilibria. Ionic Equilibria – Arrhenius theory, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionic product of water. Hydrolysis of salts, relation between hydrolysis constant, ionic product of water and dissociation constant, solubility product, common ion effect. Acid and Bases – Arrhenius, Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis concepts of acids and bases, dissociation of acids and bases, pH scale, buffers, theory of indicators Unit 4 Chemical Energetic and Thermodynamics - Energy change during a chemical reaction, exothermic and endothermic reaction, internal energy and enthalpy changes. System, surroundings, types of systems. Thermo chemical equation, Heat of reaction (heat of formation, heat of neutralisation, heat of combustion, heat of fusion, heat of vaporization). Hess's law of constant heat summation. Bond enthalpy. Sources of energy. The sun as the primary source of energy, alternate source of energy. First law of thermodynamics, relation between internal energy and enthalpy. Second law of thermodynamics. Entropy, Gibbs energy. Spontaneity of a chemical reaction. Gibbs energy change and chemical equilibrium, criterion of spontaneity. Chemical Kinetics – Rates of reaction, factors affecting the rate of reaction, rate constant, units of rate and rate constant, order of reaction and molecularity, rate expression for zero, first and second order reactions, half life period, effect of temperature on the reaction rate, concept of activation energy, Arrhenius equation, order and mechanism of reactions. Photochemical reactions. Surface Chemistry – Adsorption, Catalysis, types of catalysis. Colloids: preparation, general proprieties and applications of colloids, Emulsions Unit 5 Solutions – Modes of expression of concentrations of solution, types of solutions, solutions of gases, Henry's law. Vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's law. Colligative properties, lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmosis and osmotic pressure. Ideal and nonideal solutions. Van't Hoff factor, abnormal molecular masses. Redox Reactions - Electron transfer and oxidation number concept of redox reactions, oxidising and reducing agents, balancing of redox equations by ion electron method. Electro Chemistry, Electro chemical – cells, emf of a galvanic cell, electrode potential, dependence of emf on concentration and temperature, Nerns't equation. (Numercals based on it). Electrolytic conduction, conductivity, molar conductivity, Kohlrauch's law and its applications. Primary and secondary cells, fuel cells, corrision and its prevention. Unit 6 p-block Elements – General study of periodicity of properties- ionic radii, ionization energy, electron affinity, electro negativity and oxidation states of the following- Group 13 elements - Boron family Group 14 elements - Carbon family Group 15 elements - Nitrogen family Group 16 elements - Oxygen family Group 17 elements - Halogen family Group 18 elements - Noble gases. d and f – block elements : d – block –Electronic configuration, General characteristic properties of transition elements. General nature of Chemistry of first transition series of elements (metallic, ionization potential, oxidation states, ionic radii, catalytic properties, coloured ions, formation of complex compounds, magnetic properties, alloys formation.) f – block – Inner transition metals, General discussion with reference to oxidation states, ionic radii, and lanthanide contraction. Coordination Chemistry and Organo metallic – Coordination compounds, Nomenclature, Isomerism in coordination compounds, Bonding in coordination compounds. Application of coordination compounds. Organometallic compounds, nature of metal carbon bond. Unit 7 Purification and Characterisation of organic compounds. Detection of elements, N, S, P and halogens, calculations of empirical and molecular formula. Classification of Organic Compounds – Nomenclature, Isomerism, Structural and stereoisomerism (Geometrical and Optical). Inductive and mesomeric effects. Resonance, hyper conjugation. Covalent bond, bond fission, homolytic and heterolytic, free radicals, carbocations, carbanions. Types of reagents, Types of organic reactions. Hydrocarbons : Alkanes – General methods of preparation, properties (physical and chemical), free radical mechanism of halogenations, cracking and octane number. Alkenes – General methods of preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions, mechanism of electrophilic addition reaction. Markownikoff's rule, free radical addition, peroxide effect, polymerisation. Alkynes – General methods of preperation, acidic nature and chemical properties, polymerisation. Arenes -Benzene and its homologues. Aromaticity General Methods of preperation of benzene, electrophillic substitution reaction, Directive influence.
Unit 8 Haloalkane and Haloarenes – Classification, Nature of C–X bond and reactivity, preparation properties and uses of mono, di and tri halo alkanes and haloarenes. Alcohols and Phenols – Classification, General methods of preparation of alcohols and phenols, acidic properties of alcohols and phenols. General properties of alcohols and phenols, rectified spirit, absolute alcohol and power alcohol. Ethers – Classification, General methods of preparation and properties of ethers. Unit 9 Aldehydes and Ketones – Structure of carbonyl group, general method of preparation of aldehyde and ketones. Reactivity of aldehyde and ketones, acidity of a- Hydrogen. Aldolcondensation, Cannizaro's reaction, mechanism of nucleophilic addition reaction of carbonyl compounds. Carboxylic Acids – Structure of carboxylic group, general methods of preparation, acidic character and effect of substituents on acidic strength, mechanism of esterification. Acid Derivatives – General methods of preparation and properties of acid chloride, ester, anhydride and acid amide, Comparative reactivity of acid drivatives. Urea – Preparation, properties and uses of urea. Unit 10 Amines – Classification, General methods of preparation, basic character of amines, chemical properties, separation of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Aniline – General method of preparation and properties, comparison of basic character of amine and aniline. Benzene diazonium salt. Nitro compounds – Structure of nitro group. General methods of preparation, properties and reaction of nitro alkanes and nitro benzene. Cyanide and Isocyanides - Structure of Cyanide and isocyanide group, general methods of preperation, chemical reactions of cyanide and isocyanides. Polymers – Natural and synthetic polymers, addition and condensation polymerisation, co-polymerisation, Structure and uses of natural rubber, Terylene, Teflon, Nylon, PVC, Bakelite Chemistry in every day life – Drugs –Examples of analgesics, antiseptic and antibiotics. Dyes – Example of azo dyes. Detergents – Classification and important example. Rocket Propellents – Classification and example of some used rocket propellents.
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