In the modern era, Computer system is used in most aspects of life. You may use many different types of software on a computer system for particular applications ranging from simple document creation to space data processing. But, how does the Software is executed by the Computer Hardware? The answer to this basic question is contained in this Course. This course presents an overview of the Computer Organisation. After going through this course, you will not only acquire the conceptual framework of Computer Organisation and Architecture but also would be able to use the concepts in the domain of Personal Computers. In specific, you will be able to design digital circuits; describe the functions of various components of computers and their construction; and write simple assembly programs.
UNIT 1:The Basic Computer
·
The von Neumann Architecture
·
Instruction Execution: An Example
·
Instruction Cycle
o
Interrupts
o
Interrupts and Instruction Cycle
·
Computers: Then and Now
o
The Beginning
o
First Generation Computers
o
Second Generation Computers
o
Third Generation Computers
o
Later Generations
Unit 2:The Data Representation
·
Data Representation
·
Number Systems
·
Decimal Representation in Computers
·
Alphanumeric Representation
·
Data Representation For Computation
o
Fixed Point Representation
o
Decimal Fixed Point Representation
o
Floating Point Representation
o
Error Detection And Correction Codes
Unit 3:Principles of
Logic Circuits I
·
Logic Gates
·
Logic Circuits
·
Combinational Circuits
o
Canonical and Standard Forms
o
Minimization of Gates
·
Design of Combinational Circuits
·
Examples of Logic Combinational Circuits
o
Adders
o
Decoders
o
Multiplexer
o
Encoder
o
Programmable Logic Array
o
Read Only Memory ROM
Unit 4:Principles of
Logic Circuits I
·
Sequential Circuits:
The Definition
·
Flip Flops
o
Basic Flip-Flops
o
Excitation Tables
o
Master Slave Flip Flops
o
Edge Triggered Flip-flops
·
Sequential Circuit Design
·
Examples of Sequential Circuits
o
Registers
o
Counters – Asynchronous Counters
o
Synchronous Counters
o
RAM
·
Design of a Sample Counter
BLOCK
2: Basic Computer Organisation
Unit 1:The Memory System
·
The Memory Hierarchy
·
RAM, ROM, DRAM, Flash Memory
·
Secondary Memory and Characteristics
·
Hard Disk Drives
o
CCDs, Bubble Memories
·
RAID and its Levels
·
The Concepts of High Speed Memories
o
Cache Memory
o
Cache Organisation
o
Associative
Memory
·
Virtual Memory
·
The Memory System of Micro-Computer
o
SIMM, DIMM, etc., Memory Chips
o
SDRAM, RDRAM, Cache RAM Types of Memory
Unit 2:The Input/Output
System
·
Input / Output Devices or External
or Peripheral Devices
·
The Input Output Interface
·
The Device Controllers and its Structure
o
Device Controller
o
Structure of
an Input /Output Interface
·
Device Drivers
·
Input Output Techniques
o
Programmed Input /Output
o
Interrupt-Driven Input /Output
o
Interrupt-Processing
o
DMA (Direct Memory Access)
·
Input Output Processors
·
External Communication Interfaces
Unit 3:Secondary
Storage Techniques
·
Secondary Storage Systems
·
Hard Drives
o
Characteristics: Drive Speed, Access Time, Rotation Speed
o
Partitioning & Formatting: FAT, Inode
o
Drive Cache
o
Hard Drive Interface: IDE, SCSI, EIDE, Ultra DMA & ATA/66
·
Removable Drives
o
Floppy Drives
o
CD-ROM & DVD-ROM
·
Removable Storage Options
o
Zip, Jaz & Other Cartridge Drives
o
Recordable CDs & DVDs
o
CD-R vs CD-RW
o
Tape Backup
Unit
4:I/O Technology
·
Keyboard
o
Keyboard Layout
o
Keyboard Touch
o
Keyboard Technology
·
Mouse
·
Video Cards
o
Resolution
o
Colour Depth
o
Video Memory
o
Refresh Rates
o
Graphic Accelerators and 3-D Accelerators
o
Video Card Interfaces
·
Monitors
o
Cathode Ray Tubes
o
Shadow Mask
o
Dot Pitch
o
Monitor Resolutions
o
DPI
o
Interlacing
o
Bandwidth
·
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD)
·
Digital Camera
·
Sound Cards
·
Printers
o
Classification of Printers
o
Print Resolutions
o
Print Speed
o
Print Quality
o
Colour Management
·
Modems
·
Scanners
o
Resolution
o
Dynamic Range/Colour Depth
o
Size and Speed
o
Scanning Tips
·
Power Supply
SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply)
BLOCK 3:
The Central Processing Unit
Unit 1:Instruction Set Architecture
·
Instruction Set Characteristics
·
Instruction Set Design Considerations
o
Operand Data Types
o
Types of Instructions
o
Number of Addresses in an Instruction
·
Addressing Schemes
o
Immediate Addressing
o
Direct Addressing
o
Indirect Addressing
o
Register Addressing
o
Register Indirect Addressing
o
Indexed Addressing Scheme
o
Base Register Addressing
o
Relative Addressing Scheme
o
Stack Addressing
·
Instruction Set and Format Design
Issues
o
Instruction Length
o
Allocation of Bits Among Opcode and Operand
o
Variable Length of Instructions
·
Example of Instruction Format
Unit 2:Registers, Micro-Operations
and
Instruction Execution
·
Basic CPU Structure
·
Register
Organization
o
Programmer Visible Registers
o
Status and Control Registers
·
General Registers in a Processor
·
Micro-operation Concepts
o
Register Transfer Micro-operations
o
Arithmetic Micro-operations
o
Logic Micro-operations
o
Shift Micro-operations
·
Instruction Execution and Micro-operations
·
Instruction Pipelining
Unit 3:
ALU Organisation
o
A Simple ALU Organization
o
A Sample ALU Design
o
Arithmetic
Processors
Unit 4:The
Control Unit
·
The Control Unit
·
The Hardwired Control
·
Wilkes Control
·
The Micro-Programmed Control
·
The Micro-Instructions
o
Types of Micro-Instructions
o
Control Memory Organisation
o
Micro-Instruction Formats
·
The Execution of Micro-Program
Unit 5: Reduced Instruction Set Computer Architecture
·
Introduction
to RISC
o
Importance of RISC Processors
o
Reasons for Increased Complexity
o
High Level Language Program Characteristics
·
RISC
Architecture
·
The Use
of Large Register File
·
Comments
on RISC
·
RISC
Pipelining
Block 4: Assembly Language Programming
Unit 1:Microprocessor Architecture
·
Microcomputer
Architecture
·
Structure
of 8086 CPU
o
The Bus Interface
Unit
o
Execution Unit
(EU)
·
Register
Set of 8086
·
Instruction
Set of 8086
o
Data Transfer Instructions
o
Arithmetic Instructions
o
Bit Manipulation Instructions
o
Program Execution Transfer
Instructions
o
String Instructions
o
Processor Control Instructions
·
Addressing
Modes
o
Register Addressing Mode
o
Immediate Addressing Mode
o
Direct Addressing Mode
o
Indirect Addressing Mode
Unit 2:Introduction
to Assembly Language Programming
·
The Need and Use of the Assembly
Language
·
An Assembly Program and its Components
o
The Program Annotation
o
Directives
·
Input Output in Assembly Program
o
Interrupts
o
DOS Function Calls (Using INT
21H)
·
The Types of Assembly Programs
o
COM Programs
o
EXE Programs
·
How to Write Good Assembly Program
Unit 3:Assembly
Language Programming (Part – I)
·
Simple Assembly Programs
o
Data Transfer
o
Simple Arithmetic Application
o
Application Using Shift Operations
o
Larger of the Two Numbers
·
Programming With Loops and Comparisons
o
Simple Program Loops
o
Find the Largest and the Smallest Array Values
o
Character Coded Data
o
Code Conversion
·
Programming for Arithmetic and String
Operations
o
String Processing
o
Some More Arithmetic Problems
Unit 4:
Assembly Language Programming (Part – I)
·
Use of Arrays in Assembly
·
Modular Programming
o
The stack
o
FAR and NEAR Procedures
o
Parameter Passing in Procedures
o
External Procedures
·
Interfacing Assembly Language Routines to High Level
Language
·
Programs
o
Simple Interfacing
o
Interfacing Subroutines With Parameter Passing
·
Interrupts
·
Device Drivers in Assembly